Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2025-03-31 Origin: Site
Ever walked into a furniture store and felt overwhelmed by wood choices? The difference between cherry and oak isn't just about color. It affects durability, beauty, and value.
Selecting the right wood for furniture requires understanding each type's unique properties. From hardwoods like oak and maple to softwoods like pine, each offers different benefits.
In this guide, you'll learn about different furniture wood types. You'll discover key differences, helping you make smart, informed choices.
When shopping for furniture, understanding wood categories helps you choose wisely. The three main options include solid wood, engineered wood, and veneers. Each category has strengths, limitations, and ideal uses.
Solid wood comes directly from trees and keeps its natural strength. It has no added fillers or adhesives, making it highly durable. Solid wood includes hardwoods and softwoods:
Hardwoods: Come from slow-growing trees like oak, maple, and cherry. They are dense, strong, and resist scratches well.
Softwoods: Come from fast-growing trees such as pine and cedar. They're lighter, easier to work on, but dent or scratch more easily.
Why choose solid wood furniture? These pieces offer:
Unmatched durability and longevity
Natural beauty with unique grain patterns
Ability to be refinished multiple times
Potential to become family heirlooms
Increased value over time
Engineered wood products represent modern manufacturing solutions that maximize wood resources while addressing some limitations of solid wood.
Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) consists of wood fibers bound with resin under heat and pressure. This creates a dense, stable material without knots or grain direction weaknesses. MDF works well for:
Media cabinets (resists warping from electronics heat)
Bookcase shelves (supports heavy weights without sagging)
Dresser sides (provides stability while reducing weight and cost)
Particleboard contains larger wood chips bound with adhesives. While less expensive, it lacks durability and moisture resistance compared to MDF or solid wood.
| Feature | MDF | Particleboard |
|---|---|---|
| Strength | Moderate to high | Low |
| Moisture resistance | Fair | Poor |
| Weight | Heavy | Medium |
| Cost | Moderate | Very low |
| Durability | Moderate | Low |
| Best uses | Shelving, cabinet sides | Budget furniture, hidden components |
Veneers offer a compromise between solid wood's beauty and engineered wood's cost efficiency. These thin slices of premium hardwood cover less expensive core materials.
How veneers are made: Craftsmen slice or peel thin layers (typically 1/42" thick) from quality hardwood logs. These sheets get glued onto engineered wood cores.
Benefits of quality veneer furniture:
Hardwood appearance at lower cost
More stable in varying humidity
Possibility of exotic wood aesthetics without high expense
Environmentally efficient use of premium woods
Limitations to consider:
Cannot be refinished multiple times
Susceptible to damage from moisture or impacts
Quality varies dramatically between manufacturers
To identify quality veneer furniture, examine edges and seams closely. High-quality veneers have seamless edges, matching patterns, and feel smooth to the touch. Low-quality veneers look artificial, peel easily, or show noticeable seams.
Hardwoods come from slow-growing, broad-leafed trees. They provide dense, strong lumber. Their tight grains enhance durability and natural beauty. Hardwood furniture lasts long, resists scratches, and maintains value over time.
Hardwoods offer several advantages for furniture making:
Superior durability - Resist wear, dents, and damage
Beautiful aging - Develop rich patina over time
Excellent workability - Hold joinery well
Variety of grain patterns - Provide unique aesthetic options
Long lifespan - Create heirloom-quality pieces
Let's explore the most popular hardwoods used in furniture manufacturing:
This beautiful hardwood creates stunning rustic furniture with a unique character all its own.
Appearance: Light-colored with subtle grain patterns
Hardness: Lower end (Janka rating: 380)
Best for: Log furniture, rustic accents
Finishing: Accepts stains well but often finished clear to showcase natural beauty
Note: Despite being technically a hardwood, aspen is relatively soft compared to other options
Brown maple offers dramatic visual appeal at an affordable price point.
Color range: Striking variation from dark brown and tan to cream and white
Hardness: 950 on Janka scale (similar to cherry)
Advantages: Low cost, beautiful color variation, excellent stain absorption
Popular use: Alternative to cherry when stained appropriately
This variant takes brown maple's character to the next level with more pronounced characteristics:
More dramatic color contrasts between dark brown, light brown and cream
Rough-sawn texture option available for enhanced rustic appeal
All the versatility of regular brown maple with added character
Wormy maple features truly unique patterns created by ambrosia beetle activity:
Key Characteristics: ✓ Grey stripes and small worm holes throughout ✓ Brown base color with distinctive markings✓ Hand-selected for most appealing patterns ✓ Janka hardness rating of 950✓ Belongs to "soft maple" family
Perhaps the most coveted American hardwood for fine furniture:
Color: Deep red that darkens and enriches with age
Grain: Beautiful uniform pattern with smooth texture
Hardness: 950 Janka rating (medium hardness)
Caution: More susceptible to scratches than harder woods
Price point: Premium hardwood commanding higher prices
Rustic cherry provides the beauty of cherry with added character:
Contains more knots, mineral streaks, grain variations, and sapwood
Maintains the same beautiful red hue and aging properties as cherry
Ideal for farmhouse, country, or rustic décor styles
More affordable than select-grade cherry
A budget-friendly cherry option featuring:
Mix of light yellow/pink sapwood with deep reddish-brown heartwood
Takes dark stains well to minimize color variation
Smooth texture and even grain pattern
Ages beautifully like regular cherry
Most affordable of all cherry varieties
This distinctive hardwood offers:
Smooth texture with dramatic grain patterns
Excellent resistance to splitting and cracking
Color ranging from reddish-brown to light brown
Higher price point due to rarity
Strong, durable construction properties
The champion of durability among North American hardwoods:
| Property | Rating |
|---|---|
| Janka Hardness | 1450 |
| Color | Light, even tone |
| Growth Rings | Close together |
| Cost | Higher than soft maple |
| Best Uses | Flooring, butcher blocks, worktops |
When maximum strength is required, hickory delivers:
Hardness: Extraordinary Janka rating of 1820
Color: Light to medium brown with reddish hue
Growth time: Up to 200 years
Cost: Mid-range price point
Advantages: Extremely durable, cost-effective for high-wear items
All the strength of hickory with enhanced visual character:
More knots, burls, color streaks, and grain variations
Natural rustic beauty and charm
Maintains the superior strength and durability of hickory
Lower cost than select-grade hickory
The most commonly used hardwood in American furniture:
Varieties: Red oak and white oak most common
Hardness: 1220-1335 Janka rating
Grain: Prominent "cathedral" or "flame" patterns
Availability: Abundant throughout North America
Cost: Most affordable hardwood option
Advantages: Excellent strength-to-cost ratio
This character-rich variation offers:
Open knots, cracks, holes, end splits
Significant color variation and mineral streaks
All the strength of regular oak (Janka: 1220)
Ideal for rustic distressed furniture
Very affordable hardwood option
For rustic charm at a gentler price:
Light brown with yellow or reddish undertones
Dramatic grain pattern with character marks
Lower hardness (Janka: 590) - can dent easily
Affordable alternative to cherry when stained
Best for furniture with light use
This exotic variation features:
Dramatic wavy figure resembling tiger stripes
Created by compressed growth in "Y" branch formations
Medium hardness (Janka: 950)
Highly sought for high-end, decorative pieces
Ranges from creamy to reddish-brown in color
The king of premium hardwoods:
Rich, dark chocolate brown color
Attractive grain patterns with natural luster
Strong and dense (Janka: 1010)
Most expensive non-exotic wood available
Excellent for intricate carvings and fine details
Rustic elegance at its finest:
More knots, gum pockets, pits, and mineral streaks
Straight grain with uniform but coarse texture
Rich, warm, varied coloration
Slightly more affordable than premium walnut
Maintains strength and beauty of regular walnut
Softwoods come from coniferous, evergreen trees (like pine and cedar) that grow relatively quickly compared to hardwoods. Despite their name, softwoods aren't always physically softer than hardwoods – the term actually refers to their botanical classification.
Softwoods generally feature:
Faster growth rates (sustainable and more abundant)
Straight, less complex grain patterns
Lighter weight and easier workability
Lower density than most hardwoods
More consistent color throughout
Advantages for Furniture:
More affordable pricing
Excellent for painted finishes
Lightweight and easier to move
Quick renewable resource
Often aromatic and pleasant scented
Limitations to Consider:
Less resistant to dents and scratches
May show wear more quickly
Typically shorter lifespan than hardwoods
More susceptible to structural issues
| Feature | Softwoods | Hardwoods |
|---|---|---|
| Growth Rate | Fast (25-30 years) | Slow (50-100+ years) |
| Cost | More affordable | Generally more expensive |
| Durability | Moderate | High |
| Weight | Lighter | Heavier |
| Maintenance | Higher | Lower |
| Typical Use | Painted furniture, rustic pieces | Fine furniture, heirlooms |
Pine stands as the most popular softwood for furniture, offering a balance of affordability and functionality.
Appearance: Light yellow to pale cream with distinctive knots
Texture: Straight grain with a smooth, consistent feel
Hardness: Low (Janka rating around 420)
Best qualities:
Affordability and availability
Excellent paint adhesion
Pleasant, distinct scent
Stability in humid environments
Sustainable resource
Despite being softer and more prone to dents, pine furniture can last for decades with proper care. It's particularly well-suited for farmhouse, country, and casual furniture styles.
Rustic pine embraces rather than hides the wood's natural "imperfections," creating furniture with distinctive personality:
More prominent knots and color variations
Natural grain irregularities highlighted
Rustic appeal perfect for cabins and country homes
Often finished to enhance rather than mask character
Popular for log furniture and statement pieces
Same affordability as standard pine
Cedar offers unique properties that make it especially valuable for specific furniture applications:
Cedar's Standout Features: ✓ Natural aromatic oils that repel insects ✓ Exceptional resistance to moisture and decay ✓ Beautiful reddish-pink heartwood tones ✓ Straight grain with medium texture ✓ Moderate strength (Janka rating around 900) ✓ Natural weather resistance for outdoor use
Cedar's distinctive aroma makes it the premier choice for blanket chests, hope chests, and closet linings. Its natural oils provide protection against moths and other fabric pests without chemical treatments.
While most lumber is plainsawn (cut tangentially to growth rings), specialty cutting methods produce superior lumber with enhanced stability and distinctive grain patterns.
Quartersawn lumber involves cutting logs perpendicular to the growth rings, resulting in:
Growth rings intersecting the board face at 60-90° angles
Significantly improved dimensional stability
Less cupping, twisting, and movement with humidity changes
More difficult and costly production (yields less lumber per log)
Distinctive grain patterns including medullary rays
Quartersawn white oak represents the pinnacle of furniture-grade lumber:
Appearance: Straight grain with dramatic ray fleck patterns
Stability: Superior resistance to warping, ideal for humid environments
Hardness: Excellent (Janka rating: 1335)
Historical significance: Defining wood of Mission and Arts & Crafts furniture
Cost: Premium price reflecting specialized cutting method
QSWO furniture combines remarkable beauty with unmatched durability, making it an investment that can last for generations.
This variation delivers the stability benefits of quartersawn cutting with added visual interest:
Contains more knots, mineral streaks and color variations
Retains the distinctive ray fleck patterns of standard QSWO
Offers a more casual, rustic aesthetic
Provides superior stability at a lower price point
Excellent for modern farmhouse and rustic designs
Rustic QSWO represents an excellent compromise between premium quality and affordability, delivering the technical benefits of quartersawn lumber with added character.
Beyond common domestic hardwoods lie specialty and exotic wood species that offer unique aesthetics and properties. These premium materials create truly distinctive furniture with character impossible to replicate with standard woods.
Exotic woods typically share several key characteristics:
Striking colors, patterns, or grain configurations not found in domestic species
Often imported from tropical regions (South America, Africa, Southeast Asia)
Generally more expensive due to limited availability and import costs
Frequently exhibit exceptional hardness, density, or unique physical properties
May raise ethical and environmental concerns regarding harvesting practices
When considering exotic woods, responsible sourcing should be a priority. Look for FSC certification or other sustainability credentials to ensure ethical harvesting.
| Wood Type | Typical Color | Hardness (Janka) | Sustainability Concern | Cost Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Teak | Golden brown | 1000 | High - slow growing | Very high |
| Mahogany | Reddish brown | 800-900 | High - endangered species | High |
| Rosewood | Dark brown/purple | 1780-2200 | Very high - CITES protected | Extremely high |
| Bamboo | Light blonde to tan | 1400 (compressed) | Low - highly renewable | Moderate |
Let's explore these remarkable materials in greater detail:
Teak represents the gold standard for outdoor furniture, offering an unmatched combination of beauty and weather resistance:
Natural appearance: Rich golden-brown color that weathers to an elegant silvery-gray patina
Distinctive properties:
Exceptional natural oils and rubber content
Remarkable resistance to water, rot, and insects
Minimal expansion and contraction with humidity changes
Can last 50+ years outdoors without treatment
Smooth, even texture with straight grain
Teak's extraordinary durability makes it the preferred choice for high-end outdoor furniture and yacht decking. While expensive, properly maintained teak furniture often becomes a multi-generational investment.
Sustainability note: Due to overharvesting concerns, look for plantation-grown teak or reclaimed sources.
Few woods carry the prestige and historical significance of genuine mahogany:
Mahogany's Distinctive Qualities: ✓ Deep, rich reddish-brown color that deepens with age ✓ Straight grain with occasional interlocking patterns ✓ Medium to large pores that take polish exceptionally well ✓ Remarkable dimensional stability ✓ Excellent carving properties for intricate details ✓ Resistance to rot, insects, and moisture
Traditionally used for fine furniture, cabinet making, and boat building, mahogany represents the epitome of luxury woodworking. Its exceptional stability makes it ideal for pieces that must withstand environmental changes.
Types to know: Genuine (Cuban) mahogany is now endangered and rarely available. African mahogany and Honduran mahogany are more common commercial alternatives with similar properties.
Perhaps the most prestigious of all furniture woods, rosewood offers unparalleled beauty:
Visual characteristics: Dark reddish-brown base with dramatic black streaking
Physical properties:
Exceptionally dense and heavy
Naturally oily surface with distinctive scent
Complex, irregular grain patterns
Takes a natural high polish
Superior tonal qualities (prized for musical instruments)
Rosewood has been revered for centuries for creating the finest furniture. Its rich history includes use in traditional Chinese furniture, European royal pieces, and the most luxurious modern designs.
Critical sustainability concern: Most true rosewoods are now CITES protected due to severe overharvesting. Modern rosewood furniture should be purchased with extreme caution regarding source verification.
Though technically a grass rather than a wood, bamboo offers compelling advantages as a furniture material:
Appearance: Light blonde to caramel color with distinctive node patterns
Environmental benefits:
Incredibly fast growth rate (mature in 3-5 years vs. 50-100 for hardwoods)
Requires no replanting after harvest
Minimal fertilizer or pesticide needs
Absorbs more CO₂ than equivalent tree plantation
Can be processed with low environmental impact
Modern manufacturing techniques transform bamboo into remarkably durable materials for furniture construction through lamination and compression. The resulting products offer excellent strength, stability, and resistance to moisture.
Bamboo furniture combines contemporary aesthetics with genuine environmental credentials, making it increasingly popular for eco-conscious consumers seeking sustainable alternatives to traditional hardwoods.
When selecting specialty woods, consider not just their beauty but their ecological footprint. The most beautiful furniture comes with the knowledge it was sourced responsibly.
Veneers, plywood, and engineered woods are practical options widely used in furniture production today. Unlike solid wood, these materials often blend affordability with aesthetics, making premium wood finishes accessible to broader audiences.
Wood veneers are thin slices of high-quality wood bonded onto a stable substrate, typically plywood, MDF, or particle board. Veneers allow furniture makers to showcase expensive or exotic wood species without the high cost associated with solid pieces.
Key advantages include:
Cost-effectiveness: Provides luxurious wood appearance at lower prices.
Resource efficiency: Maximizes use of rare and exotic woods.
Stability: Veneers on engineered substrates resist warping and moisture issues better than solid wood.
However, veneers may present a somewhat "flatter" visual compared to solid wood. They lack the deep grain texture and natural variation often found in solid lumber. Veneers also limit refinishing possibilities since they're thin and sanding could expose the substrate underneath.
How to Identify Quality Veneer Furniture:
Examine edges and corners closely; high-quality veneers show seamless joining and matching grain patterns.
Look for smooth surfaces without bubbles, ripples, or uneven areas, indicating proper adhesion.
Plywood consists of multiple thin wood layers glued together, with alternating grain directions for added strength and stability. This construction method significantly reduces warping and twisting. Furniture makers prefer plywood for cabinetry, shelves, and structural elements due to its balance of strength, durability, and affordability.
| Advantages of Plywood | Drawbacks of Plywood |
|---|---|
| Strong and resistant to warping | Edges need covering to hide layers |
| Cost-effective | Can splinter if poorly finished |
| Easy to shape and customize | Slightly heavier than solid woods |
Medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and particle board are popular engineered woods, particularly common in budget furniture. MDF is composed of wood fibers compressed with resin, creating a dense, uniform material. Particle board, on the other hand, contains larger wood chips bonded together.
MDF: Smooth surface ideal for painting; highly stable and uniform but susceptible to moisture damage if unsealed.
Particle Board: Cheapest option; weaker structurally, prone to chipping, swelling, and damage from humidity.
These engineered woods work best in areas of lower physical stress and minimal exposure to moisture. Common applications include shelves, cabinet sides, and decorative panels.
Comparing Engineered Wood Types:
| Material | Strength | Cost | Stability | Best Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDF | Medium | Low | High | Painted cabinets, shelves |
| Particle Board | Low | Very Low | Low-Medium | Budget furniture, backing |
| Plywood | High | Medium | High | Cabinets, structural furniture |
Selecting the perfect wood for your furniture involves balancing aesthetics, durability, maintenance, and budget. A thoughtful approach to wood selection ensures furniture that both looks beautiful and functions well for your specific needs.
The right wood complements your home's aesthetics and personal style.
Traditional vs. contemporary wood choices:
Traditional interiors often showcase classic hardwoods like oak, cherry, and mahogany, emphasizing warmth and elegance.
Contemporary styles lean towards clean-grained woods like maple, walnut, or even bamboo, highlighting simplicity and modernity.
Rustic vs. refined wood aesthetics:
Rustic spaces favor woods rich in natural features—knots, color variations, and rough textures—such as rustic pine, rustic cherry, or reclaimed barnwood.
Refined spaces prefer smoother textures and uniform grains found in cherry, walnut, or quartersawn white oak.
Creating cohesive looks with mixed wood types:
Combine contrasting woods thoughtfully, using similar finishes to unify different grains and colors.
Use accessories or decor elements to bridge differences between furniture woods, creating visual harmony.
Match wood hardness to usage patterns for optimal longevity:
| Furniture Type | Recommended Woods | Janka Hardness |
|---|---|---|
| Dining tables | Hard maple, hickory, oak | 1450-1820 |
| Chairs | Hickory, oak, elm | 830-1820 |
| Beds | Cherry, maple, walnut | 950-1010 |
| Cabinets | Any hardwood, though oak is popular | 1220+ |
| Coffee tables | Walnut, oak, cherry | 950-1220 |
| Children's furniture | Maple, hickory (dent resistant) | 1450-1820 |
High-traffic areas demand harder woods. Consider quartersawn cuts for table surfaces to minimize movement and cupping over time.
Maintenance expectations influence wood selection significantly.
Low-maintenance wood options:
Cedar, teak, or bamboo offer excellent resistance to moisture, pests, and wear, ideal for hassle-free care.
Woods that develop patina over time:
Cherry, teak, walnut, and mahogany naturally deepen and develop beautiful patina, increasing furniture's charm as years pass.
Care tips for different wood types:
Solid Hardwoods: Regular dusting and occasional polishing maintain their appeal; protect from direct sunlight to avoid uneven fading.
Softwoods (Pine, Cedar): Protect surfaces from dents by using pads and mats; apply gentle cleaning without harsh chemicals.
Veneers and Engineered Woods: Avoid heavy moisture exposure; clean with slightly damp cloth and dry promptly.
Wood furniture represents a spectrum of investment levels:
Premium tier ($$$): Walnut, cherry, teak, exotic speciesMid-range ($$): Oak, maple, hickory, elmBudget-friendly ($): Pine, alder, poplar, rubberwood
Strategically allocate your budget by investing in solid hardwoods for long-term, high-use pieces like dining tables and bed frames. Consider less expensive woods or quality veneers for occasional furniture or pieces that will see less wear.
| Wood Species | Top Features | Janka Score | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aspen | Rustic character, suited for log furniture | 380 | Low |
| Brown Maple | Color variation, cheaper alternative to cherry | 950 | Low |
| Rustic Brown Maple | Dramatic color variation | 950 | Low |
| Wormy Maple | Unique pattern with grey stripes | 950 | Medium |
| Cedar | Aromatic scent, repels insects, red color | 900 | Medium |
| Cherry | Rich red color that deepens over time | 950 | High |
| Rustic Cherry | Rich red color, great for farmhouse style | 950 | Low |
| Sap Cherry | Variation in color, cheapest cherry type | 950 | Low |
| Elm | Beautiful grain pattern, stability | 830 | High |
| Hard Maple | Strength | 1450 | High |
| Hickory | Strength and density | 1820 | Medium |
| Rustic Hickory | Strength, rustic character | 1820 | Medium |
| Pine | Fresh scent, resistant to humidity | 420 | Low |
| Rustic Pine | Rustic beauty, great for log furniture | 420 | Low |
| Quartersawn White Oak | Strength, beautiful rays and flecks | 1335 | High |
| Rustic Quartsawn White Oak | Strength, rays and flecks, rustic beauty | 1335 | Medium |
| Red Oak | Strength, noticeable grain pattern, affordable | 1220 | Low |
| Rustic Red Oak | Strength, natural beauty, affordable | 1220 | Low |
| Rustic Alder | Affordable, dramatic grain, rustic charm | 590 | Low |
| Tiger Maple | Unique grain pattern | 950 | High |
| Walnut | Rich color, strength, suited for carvings | 1010 | High |
| Rustic Walnut | Rustic elegance | 1010 | Medium |
Comparison Chart of Different Types of Wood for Furniture
Furniture comes in many wood types, each offering unique styles, durability, and maintenance needs. Understanding these differences is essential.
Always match the wood to your interior style, practical requirements, and budget. Thoughtful wood choices ensure furniture beauty and longevity.
A: Hardwoods are superior for furniture due to their density, strength, and longevity. Oak, maple, walnut, and cherry stand out for their exceptional durability and beauty. These solid wood species resist wear and develop character over time. Quality hardwood furniture becomes an heirloom that can last for generations, unlike softwoods or engineered alternatives.
A: Oak is the most commonly used wood for furniture in America due to its abundance, affordability, and excellent strength-to-price ratio. Red oak, with its prominent grain and 1220 Janka hardness rating, dominates the market. Other popular choices include maple, cherry, and walnut. For budget furniture, pine and other softwoods are frequently used.
A: Teak reigns supreme for outdoor furniture with its exceptional weather resistance and natural oils that prevent rotting. Cedar offers excellent moisture and insect resistance at a lower price point. Both can withstand elements without treatment. Other good options include acacia and white oak, which contain natural properties that help them survive exposure to weather.
A: Solid wood furniture is crafted entirely from natural lumber with consistent material throughout. Veneers consist of thin slices of premium wood applied over engineered substrates like MDF or plywood. While solid wood offers refinishing potential and authentic character, quality veneers provide premium wood appearance at lower cost with potentially better dimensional stability.
A: Pine stands out as the most affordable option for budget furniture, offering decent durability with distinctive knots and character. Other cost-effective choices include poplar, alder, and rubberwood. Softwoods generally cost less than hardwoods while still providing acceptable performance. For painted furniture, these less expensive woods offer excellent value without sacrificing basic functionality.
A: MDF performs well in specific furniture applications, particularly for pieces that won't endure heavy wear. It resists warping from heat and humidity better than solid wood, making it ideal for media cabinets and bookcase shelves. However, MDF cannot be refinished, is vulnerable to moisture damage, and typically won't last as long as solid wood.
A: Pine readily accepts both paint and stains, making it ideal for customization. Brown maple is celebrated for its excellent stain absorption and can mimic more expensive woods like cherry. Poplar provides a smooth, knot-free surface perfect for painting. Alder and birch also take finishes well, with minimal blotching or uneven absorption.
A: Walnut delivers rich, chocolate-brown tones with purple undertones that exude sophistication. Cherry's deep reddish color naturally darkens with age, creating timeless elegance. Exotic imports like mahogany and rosewood offer dramatic grain patterns and distinctive coloration. Tiger maple's unique flame patterns create show-stopping visual interest unmatched by common woods.
